Role of black church in working with black adolescents Essay Example for Free

Job of dark church in working with dark young people Essay Dark holy places give family-situated network outreach programs, which have been concentrated during the Black Church Family Project. Programming for youth improvement has been reflected in the study information, which has been talked about in this paper. The two northern districts have been chosen for this venture. Alarming perils are being gone up against by the contemporary American teenagers, and in this manner, it has been an opportune issue. An addition has been seen in the utilization of the idea of being in danger for the adolescents. In such manner, an age accomplice is portrayed in this idea, by which, the formative development is gone up against with many negative powers towards the adulthood. The parody and incongruity is that the most beneficial time of the lives of individuals is normally viewed as the time of youth. In contrast to their ancestors, social sicknesses are hurting today’s young people, as untreated and untreatable infections were hurting and enduring their forerunners before. A feeling of good faith may be given by this idea, as anticipation and intercession is feasible for such social ills in today’s world. However, increase has been seen in the social issues, by which, today’s young people are being tormented. In this manner, clinical and innovative advances have had the option to determine accomplishment of physical wellbeing, however couldn't keep young people from these destructive social ills. Particularly, minority youth has been impacted and influenced dangerously by these social ills because of different horrendous conditions in their lives. Following are a portion of the social issues that are being gone up against by today’s young people: Poverty and a shortened instructive and word related future may be completed by juvenile pregnancy and fatherless births, which are a portion of the contrary results of social ills. An actual existence characterizing occasion is the result of these pregnancies, and the most noteworthy pace of these pregnancies has been found in the American Black residents with low-salary. â€Å"The dark church can assume a noteworthy job in proficiency improvement through its projects and exercises operating at a profit network if thought is given in program structure to the individuals served and to the plural implications of the term literacy† (1999, 27-31) These occasions have been subscripted into the issues of pre and postnatal consideration, maternal, and baby death rates, just as, youthful parenthood. The for the most part disregarded adolescent dad has additionally been remembered for these occasions. Helps is another unsafe concern, which brings ailments that can be transmitted explicitly. Youthful sexual exercises and prophylactic use stem every one of these maladies. Likewise, peer pressure issues and natural changes have additionally been connected with these sicknesses. Presently, presentation has been given to grown-ups and kids inwardly, truly, and intellectually. Sexual disregard and maltreatment of kids have welcomed different effects on the young people. Teenagers are denied of parental help in useless families. In the outcome, positive male good examples are seen as ailing in these families, which influence the lives of numerous young people, particularly dark youths. Another significant issue of the adolescent has become the utilization of liquor, cigarettes, and medications, which is frequently named as substance misuse. Dark young people are being tormented by unintentional wounds, psychoses, and physical issue in their lives. A portion of these clutters are corpulence, thyroid issues, and so forth. Extra worries of today’s youthful are gloom and self destruction, which are expanding step by step. Young people are seen as including in wrongdoing, murder, and misconduct progressively. Instructive progression is being postponed, issues are expanding in conduct and learning demeanor of the young people, and secondary schools are showing addition in the dropping out of the teenagers. In the outcome, it is making constrained vocation goals and word related range for these youths, which tend them to include in previously mentioned social ills for their living. The circumstance for minority youth has been intensified by the control of harsher school. The danger of vagrancy is expanding, while joblessness and underemployment rates are expanding essentially because of less training. African-American young people and youth are among the articulated ones, who are facing a portion of these adverse patterns. In the course of recent decades, various explores have demonstrated the previously mentioned negative effects, which ought to be decreased and wiped out.

Outsider free essay sample

The Stranger by Albert Camus is perhaps the best work. This tale recounts to the account of a man, Meursault, who is a moralist. Nothing appears to issue to him and his or anyone elses activities has no effect. Camuss utilization of language permits perusers to find the disposition and significance being passed on through expression and word decision. His utilization of fgurative language can be seen all through. Such a case of allegorical language is symbolism. From perusing The Stranger, one can obviously picture whats occurring as Camus delightfully depicts each activity f Meursault. In the primary part, Meursault hears that his mom has kicked the bucket and says Maman passed on today. Or then again yesterday perhaps, I dont know. . Him saying this shows his enthusiastic lack of interest and builds up his character attributes. It doesnt show that he didnt truly care about his mom, yet that he truly doesnt give extraordinary idea to quite a bit of anything. We will compose a custom paper test on Pariah or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The demise of his mom shows Just how aloof Meursault is for the reality of not lamenting over his moms passing. In any case, while at the burial service, Camus oes in incredible profundity to clarify the warmth of the day and all of Meursaults environmental factors. Proceeding with Camuss utilization of symbolism, at Mamans burial service Meursault states She was correct. There was no chance to get out. as he converses with the medical caretaker who had said If you go gradually, you chance getting sunstroke. Yet, in the event that you go excessively quick, you burn some serious calories and afterward get a chill inside the congregation. . Meursault says this just to his understanding that an individual is naturally introduced to an actual existence that will just bring about the passing of that individual. Demise, similar to the cruel impacts of the sun, is unavoidable. This thought is fundamental to Camuss theory in The Stranger, which sets passing as the one focal, certain unavoidable truth. In jail, where Meursault has a lot of time to think about his past, does he find all the over-looked, better parts of his previous free life. The creator passes on this feeling of disclosure through the itemized flashbacks in the second piece of the novel during his capture. For instance, Just minutes before Meursaults execution, he distinctively reviews is moms burial service. Though he was vacant of feeling at the burial service, presently he also faces famous passing and in this way appreciates the experiences concerning when he was the griever. Through Camuss utilization of phrasing and language, he has communicated the state of mind and importance to this account of a man who has been wrongly charged. Furthermore, by doing so the writer has gotten a handle on his perusers and has given them an alternate point of view on life and how things are fine one second and can turn out badly the following second. Untouchable By lalalalalalal

william blake Essay

william blake Essay william blake Essay William Blake’s point of view utilizing otherworldly perspectives in his verse Society’s accentuation on religion has made various perspectives for individuals to consider. Some would concur that otherworldliness goes connected at the hip with religion while others would deviate, contending that the two are independent. William Blake was an obscure etcher who utilized his verse to mirror his otherworldly perspectives on God and nature. William Blake is one of my supported artists due to his solid otherworldliness towards God, his point of view on life during guiltlessness and afterward life after experience, and his utilization of nature all through his imaginative work. In his Songs of Innocence and Experience, William Blake contends that there are â€Å"two opposite conditions of the human soul† and utilizations his view on God and nature to make his work yet doesn't differentiate among great and underhandedness. William Blake said â€Å"there are two opposite conditions of the human soul†. What he implied was that there is a phase when o ne is youthful and blameless; and afterward comes a phase where one develops and experiences an assortment of encounters. It might cause dissatisfaction and trouble anyway it will welcome various points of view. Blake utilizes hardly any sonnets to differentiate among honesty and experience, for example, â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† in the Song of Innocence. The sonnet thinks about a youthful Tom Dacre who was sold by his dad and got his head shaved yet is console by an Angel while snoozing. â€Å"There’s little Tom Dacre, who cried when his head That curl’d like a lamb’s back, was shav’d†. While Tom was sleeping, he had a fantasy that different sweepers were secured final resting places of dark yet by came an Angel who opened the final resting places free. â€Å"And by came an Angel who had a splendid key, And he open’d the caskets â€Å"They dressed me in the garments of death,† It appears as though the kids are being harmed b y the guardians, the stack proprietors, and the holy places. The last verse shows an increasingly negative view â€Å"And on the grounds that I am glad,

The Different Lifestyles Between an Alcoholic and Non-Alcoholic Essay Example for Free

The Different Lifestyles Between an Alcoholic and Non-Alcoholic Essay A person’s body that is truly reliant on liquor is known as liquor abuse. A heavy drinker can be called a junkie; somebody who is dependent on liquor. (More on the meaning of â€Å"addict† is further in this article). Liquor abuse is an intense disease that effects around 30 percent of individuals; 10 percent of ladies and 20 percent of men (Green Health Edition, Chapter8, page 222H). Individuals everywhere throughout the world and from the beginning of time have utilized liquor for each sort of get-togethers to strict functions. It is said that liquor upgrades festivities or exceptional occasions; nonetheless, individuals have once in a while ever considered the effect liquor can have. Research gathered from the reading material, Green Health Edition, Chapter 8, page 222, even shows that extremely low degrees of liquor utilization may bring down some wellbeing dangers. Nonetheless, while liquor can some of the time assume a constructive job in some people’s lives (individuals who can control it); it should be recalled that it is a synthetic substance that influences a person’s general character and conduct. Liquor abuse can influence people, just as their families in various ways. Carrying on with an existence of a heavy drinker or a non-alcoholic is completely a decision. Knowing the contrast between a heavy drinker way of life versus a calm way of life can ideally help an individual settle on the correct decision. Liquor influences everybody on various levels, where one territory might be more influenced than another, contingent upon the heavy drinker. Liquor has a significant negative effect on the person just as any other person that is included, and may require treatment to recover their lives to ordinary. The way of life of a heavy drinker and non-alcoholic separates from numerous points of view, running from family relations, to accounts, to enthusiastic/conduct issues. Heavy drinkers can upset family life and cause unsafe impacts that can endure forever. Family cooperation between a drunkard vary significantly contrasted with family connection including a non-alcoholic. A heavy drinker family or a family that has a drunkard life partner or parent or guardians endures from numerous points of view. In the event that there is a festival of any sort, the alcoholic will in general carry liquor to it, appear alcoholic or abstain from going by and large. Lushes will every now and again pull back themselves from family or get-togethers so as to submit more opportunity to their drinking. Roughly 71 percent of consumers have revealed substantial liquor utilization before going to a gathering, game, or school-supported movement (Green Health Edition Chapter 8, page 223). This can destroy the festival and cause passionate trouble for the calm relatives. A non-someone who is addicted family will in general have smooth running, efficient, have upbeat organization at their festivals or family social occasions. Another way a family can be influenced by liquor addiction is the place a parent is the heavy drinker. Most generally, most of heavy drinkers are guardians or the individuals who have a comparable kind of structure or something to that affect in which they have the power to be persuasive. Parental obligations are frequently disregarded, leaving youngsters to deal with themselves. This kind of conduct makes an apparent equation for fiasco as babies, youths, and young people need embracive consideration for satisfactory turn of events. Youngsters and youthful adolescents that see liquor misuse will in general become increasingly â€Å"susceptible to mishandling liquor themselves† (yourbesthealthcare. blogspot. com, para. 6) and at an early age. Guardians can turn out to be loudly and truly oppressive effectively cutting enthusiastic ties that become appropriately engaged with the family relationship and with their youngsters and maybe even companion. This could prompt a separation which causes considerably increasingly passionate show on small kids. A non-alcoholic family is increasingly inclined to have a glad utilitarian family. The youngsters improve in school, act better in get-togethers, teenagers perform better scholastically, and will in all likelihood not fall into the example of liquor misuse. Those are the families whom are those that speak with each other, work and bargain together, parent together, and the kids have a more secure and stable condition and establishment to experience childhood with. Heavy drinkers experience cash similarly as quick as they do their liquor. Monetary disciplinary activities are practically unavoidable when an individual builds up a liquor compulsion. Just monetarily supporting the propensity for drinking liquor alone can wobbly a family spending plan. A heavy drinker may approach cash or conceal going through cash for the needed liquor. Some alcohol can in reality be very burdening to a financial plan, particularly when an addict’s resilience continues developing. Heavy drinkers now and then rely upon other relatives to step in and help with their accounts. This is the place relative can turn into the alcoholic’s empowering agent without acknowledging it. â€Å"Families are frantic to fix the drinker’s issue, to show them there is a superior method to live, in light of the fact that one trusts it will exhibit the amount they are cherished and they will restore the love† (Al-Anon Faces Alcoholism 2012, page 6). Some of the time heavy drinkers may take assets or cash to help their fixation. Liquor addiction can have a colossal monetary effect on an individual and families. With expanded accounts originating from the spending plan and setting off to the expanded requirement for liquor, â€Å"financial obligations, for example, charge installments, can be put in danger since it is important for the alcoholic to get a drink† (yourbesthealthcare. blogspot. com, para. 4). Other than cash leaving the family financial plan, heavy drinkers can even put their employer stability in danger causing an irregularity that for the most part is seen by directors, which thus are accounted for to the chief. This can cause visit work changes and the loss of employments, which makes the accounts vacillate. Once in a while an individual may blame this so as to drink considerably more since they can't manage the monetary strains and stress. Not exclusively does a person’s money experience the ill effects of the needed dependence itself, yet in addition their pocket book’s gap can develop considerably greater when you blend it in with lawful issues. There can be legitimate expenses, higher protection charges, court costs, fines, and on the off chance that you are associated with a car crash and you get a DUI, you could confront the expense of vehicle fixes, doctor's visit expenses or substitution costs. The money related squeeze can sting more regrettable if the individual goes to prison or even loses their driver’s permit. Losing a driver’s permit can make it increasingly hard to keep or find a new line of work. In the event that your adored one, regardless of whether it is a child/girl or a life partner, goes to prison or even, gets condemned to a broad recovery office, this, as well, can cause money related strain. On losing the additional pay through the now missing heavy drinker, additional assets are should have been set on the individual’s book so they can arrange from Commissary, or make week by week calls that get costly, and additional assets are likewise expected to make a trip to see your drunkard, cherished one. This all includes and unquestionably adds to a significant money related strain. â€Å"The key exercises of every day living and a significant number of lifes opportunities to assist ones monetary standing are intently attached to a people current money related resources† (Pearlin Radabaugh, page 98, 1976). Calm families tend to have better cash the board and can appreciate some of life’s best things since they don't have cash going to undesirable or pointless things, for example, everything referenced previously. These are families and people who can sanely concoct money related objective plans, have the cerebrum ability to basic think, settle on powerful choices, and the capacity to tackle issues. They can organize objectives and assess the significance of each while contemplating of the family and how they would influence them. Mentalities and qualities are progressively positive in this kind of condition and most choices depend on perspectives and qualities. For whatever length of time that they are certain and sound, at that point the result will be a solid and positive one for the entire family. A major way that all families are influenced by liquor addiction is the alcoholic’s conduct, particularly in the driver's seat. Each family is influenced by this, even families not engaged with the alcoholic’s life. As per some examination from the Green Health Edition reading material, Chapter 8, page 232, car crashes are the main source of death for all age bunches from 5 to 45 years of age and in 2008 about 32 percent of traffic fatalities required at any rate one driver who was affected by liquor. That is around 11,773 liquor impeded driving fatalities in only one year. This review speaks to a normal of one liquor related casualty roughly at regular intervals. Around 49 percent of liquor related accidents were accounted for during the ends of the week, the days where most families go out to invest some quality family energy, and it is said that most of liquor related lethal accidents happen around evening time contrasted with during the day, just as the day or days of the week. As per: Drinking and Driving: Chapter Three, Alcohol and Its Consequences-Drinking and Driving Laws Insurance Institute of Indiana, an impacted driver has a danger of the probability of kicking the bucket in a solitary vehicle crash is in excess of multiple times higher than for a nondrinker. Research from A. R. Phoenix Resources, Inc. finds that around 10 percent to 25 percent of consumers report drinking to get mental help; to control negative feeling. It is said that most drunkards drink since they are discouraged, attempting to conceal certain undesirable feelings, or even smother injury from an earlier time or present. The explanation heavy drinkers drink differs starting with one consumer then onto the next, and the rundown can be interminable. Why they drink isn't excessively significant, it is the means by which they handle themselves. As indicated by the 1996 A. R. Phoenix Resources Inc.an detainee wo

Up the Down Staircase free essay sample

The content viable with an extremely abnormal and astounding title â€Å"Up the Down Staircase† is probably the best novel within recent memory was composed by Bel Kaufman, an American creator. She filled in as an educator of the English language and writing in a New York secondary school for a long time. â€Å"Up the Down Staircase† is her first semi-self-portraying novel about an optimistic youthful English educator, who is truly amped up for her future work with youngsters at school. In any case, for reasons unknown, it’s not all that simple to go up against extreme real factors which don't agree with her desires. The given concentrate depicts the encounters of a youthful secondary teacher Sylvia Barret who is disappointed with the arrangement of instruction, however by the by, she attempts to adapt to every one of those issues and incapacitates in kids childhood and acts her own particular manner. She discovers her own strategies of instructing. In any case, does she prevail in it? Or on the other hand would she say she is bolstered by her associates? Or then again might be she is the main who is stressed over these troubles. We will compose a custom article test on Up the Down Staircase or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In this content the writer doesn't offer her own responses on these and different inquiries allowing this chance to the readears. It is a first individual portrayal where the creator altogether depicts her partners, understudies and the general air at school. Through the entire content we feel author’s has faith in finding the best approach to change the state circumstance. So as to underline it she utilizes the expression â€Å"hitch your wagon to a star† and we, perusers of these lines need to accept that she will be capable aim such uninterested and impassive individuals . She is viewed as an extremely imaginative individual as she offers her understudies various kinds of class work totally non-normal for the school she works at; Children are proposed to tune in to Shakespeare’s poem or talk about an exceptionally contradictive proclamations. Weird as it might appear to be nevertheless she prevails in it. Yet, the issue is that it irritates only her. What's more, talking names in this story, for example, Mr. Winters that, from one viewpoint, shows his lack of interest and disregard. He became acclimated to work there with no changes, and, then again, this name mirrors that he is serious and exacting. Another talking name is Mr. Bester. His name is framed by adding the postfix â€Å"er† to the standout degree â€Å"best† that implies that he is superior to the best. The story introduced in a type of a letter starts with an individual welcome, where the writer utilizes the list â€Å"I can wash a pullover, think an idea, compose a letter† is utilized here to underline that Saturday is the main day that can be spent by the principle character. The general salutation on the baby’s new tooth and her hypotheses about her future is a characteristic of her uplifting mentality towards her companion that is underlined by epiphora utilized in these sentences: â€Å"Though I trust that when she gets into the open secondary educational system, things will be extraordinary. A t least, they continue promising that things will be diverse †. Portraying the children she utilizes the direct opposite â€Å"physically develop †poor intellect†, which implies that the understudies are difficult to instruct. Depicting her experience of educating without a book she shows the elements of the conversation and the pupils’ energy as a response to the issue contacted, so the writer utilizes redundancies and equal developments: â€Å"no, no some said†¦no, no, others cried†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , and the most valuable award for her endeavors is the â€Å"groan† of kids. Talking around one of the snags in the method of instructor, she utilizes the metonymy â€Å"Admiral Ass†, that moniker is gotten from his mark, yet it is additionally an emblematic one †ass is the equivalent of the jackass and portrays somebody idiotic or thick, and chief of naval operations implies that he is glad for his post. Talking about the division of the instructors to the great ones and the terrible ones she says that one of them â€Å"work their enchantment in the classroom† and others â€Å"find in the educational system a reason or a refuge†. The title Up the Down Staircase just demonstrates it. As per Sylvia’s positioning framework a few instructors are ideal or â€Å"up† and others are not or â€Å"down†.. All in all, I should state that Up the Down Staircase is the illuminating anecdote about a hopeful educator who doesn’t give up herself to a feeling of unresponsiveness in demonstrate hatred for all troubles she stands up to. Bel Kaufman demonstrates her solid aspiration to battle against built up propensities and locate the correct method of good educating.

Tremor as a Side Effect From Taking Antidepressants

Tremor as a Side Effect From Taking Antidepressants Depression Treatment Medication Print Tremor as a Side Effect From Taking Antidepressants By Nancy Schimelpfening Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be. Learn about our editorial policy Nancy Schimelpfening Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on October 05, 2015 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 04, 2020 More in Depression Treatment Medication Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Types Childhood Depression Suicide In This Article Table of Contents Expand Tremor Definition Antidepressants and Tremor Other Medications Medical Conditions Diagnosis Treatment for Tremors View All Back To Top Is it normal to develop a tremor while taking an antidepressant? Which drugs may cause this symptom and how is it treated? Lets begin by talking about what a tremor is, the different types of tremors, and what other medications as well as medical conditions which may contribute to a tremor. Tremor Definition Tremor is an involuntary shaking that occurs in the head, limbs or eyelids. This shaking can occur either when you are moving or when you are attempting to hold your body still. It is usually fast (about four to 12 movements per second) and it may come and go or occur in bursts. It may subside during sleep and get worse when a person is under stress. A person might also experience head nodding or have a shaky sounding voice. There are some tremors which occur with rest and others which only occur with movement. Sometimes tremors occur with any movements, while other times they occur in response to very specific movements. A careful description of your tremor may help your doctor determine whether your antidepressant is causing your tremor of if it could be related to another condition. Antidepressant Classes and Tremor Certain types of antidepressants, such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and tricyclic  antidepressants can indeed cause tremor as a side effect.?? Some studies estimate that 20% of patients treated with an SSRI or tricyclic antidepressant will develop a tremor. This may occur at any time after the medication was initiated. SSRI antidepressants include;: Celexa (citalopram)Lexapro (escitalopram)Luvox (fluvoxamine)Paxil (paroxetine)Prozac (fluoxetine)Symbyax, which is Prozac plus the antipsychotic Zyprexa (fluoxetine olanzapine)Zoloft (sertraline) Tricyclic antidepressants include: Ascendin (amoxapine)Anafranil (clomipramine)Elavil (amitryptyline)Norpramin (desipramine)Pamelor (nortryptyline)Surmontil (trimipramine)Sinequan (doxepin)Tofranil (imipramine)Vivactil (protryptyline) Other Medications Which May Cause Tremors Other psychiatric medications, such as lithium and Depakote (mood stabilizers used in bipolar disorder), may also commonly cause tremor.?? Antipsychotic medications, particularly the older agents (typical antipsychotics), may cause a tremor similar to Parkinsons disease. Extrapyramidal side effects of these drugs may also include dystonia (involuntary contractions of muscles), tardive dyskinesia (abnormal facial movements such as grimacing and chewing), and akathisia, a feeling of restlessness which may sometimes mimic a tremor.?? In addition, there are a wide variety of other prescription drugs which may cause a tremor including: EpinephrineAnticonvulsants (anti-epilepsy drugs)Anti-emetics (anti-nausea drugs)Bronchodilators used for asthma and COPDSome chemotherapy drugsSome immunosuppressant medicationsSome antibioticsSome anti-viral drugsSome heart and blood pressure medicationsStimulants such as caffeine and amphetamines Medical Conditions Which May Cause Tremors   Finally, there are certain medical conditions which can cause tremors, such as Parkinsons disease, alcohol withdrawal, hyperthyroidism, pheochromocytoma, Wilsons disease, and liver failure.?? How Can You Know If Your Tremor Is From Your Antidepressant? In order to determine whether your tremor is indeed related to your antidepressant, your doctor will do a physical exam and ask you questions about your medical history, including what medications you are taking. Generally, this is enough to determine if your antidepressant is causing your tremor, although your doctor may order additional testing if she needs to rule out any other potential causes. Treatment for Antidepressant-Induced Tremors Perhaps the best solution for tremor caused by antidepressants is to stop taking the drug causing it and switch to a different medication. Tremor will generally resolve over time after the offending medication has been ceased, but occasionally a tremor caused by SSRIs may persist. Sometimes, however, you may be doing so well on your medication that you dont want to change it for fear of returning depression. If this is the case, your doctor may opt to add an additional medication to control your tremors, such as a beta-blocker, a benzodiazepine, Mysoline (primidone,) Topamax (topiramate,) or Neurontin (gabapentin.)?? A Word From Verywell Certain classes of antidepressants, particularly SSRIs and tricyclic antidepressants are commonly associated with the development of tremor. Other medications and medical conditions which can cause tremor may increase the likelihood of a tremor. Diagnosis is usually accomplished by taking a good history and doing a physical exam alone, but other tests may be needed especially if it is unclear whether your tremor is related to your antidepressant or an unrelated medical condition. The easiest treatment for antidepressant-induced tremor is simply discontinuing the drug, but this is not always possible. There are several types of medications which can be used to reduce the tremor while continuing the antidepressant if needed.

Tremor as a Side Effect From Taking Antidepressants

Tremor as a Side Effect From Taking Antidepressants Depression Treatment Medication Print Tremor as a Side Effect From Taking Antidepressants By Nancy Schimelpfening Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be. Learn about our editorial policy Nancy Schimelpfening Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on October 05, 2015 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 04, 2020 More in Depression Treatment Medication Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Types Childhood Depression Suicide In This Article Table of Contents Expand Tremor Definition Antidepressants and Tremor Other Medications Medical Conditions Diagnosis Treatment for Tremors View All Back To Top Is it normal to develop a tremor while taking an antidepressant? Which drugs may cause this symptom and how is it treated? Lets begin by talking about what a tremor is, the different types of tremors, and what other medications as well as medical conditions which may contribute to a tremor. Tremor Definition Tremor is an involuntary shaking that occurs in the head, limbs or eyelids. This shaking can occur either when you are moving or when you are attempting to hold your body still. It is usually fast (about four to 12 movements per second) and it may come and go or occur in bursts. It may subside during sleep and get worse when a person is under stress. A person might also experience head nodding or have a shaky sounding voice. There are some tremors which occur with rest and others which only occur with movement. Sometimes tremors occur with any movements, while other times they occur in response to very specific movements. A careful description of your tremor may help your doctor determine whether your antidepressant is causing your tremor of if it could be related to another condition. Antidepressant Classes and Tremor Certain types of antidepressants, such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and tricyclic  antidepressants can indeed cause tremor as a side effect.?? Some studies estimate that 20% of patients treated with an SSRI or tricyclic antidepressant will develop a tremor. This may occur at any time after the medication was initiated. SSRI antidepressants include;: Celexa (citalopram)Lexapro (escitalopram)Luvox (fluvoxamine)Paxil (paroxetine)Prozac (fluoxetine)Symbyax, which is Prozac plus the antipsychotic Zyprexa (fluoxetine olanzapine)Zoloft (sertraline) Tricyclic antidepressants include: Ascendin (amoxapine)Anafranil (clomipramine)Elavil (amitryptyline)Norpramin (desipramine)Pamelor (nortryptyline)Surmontil (trimipramine)Sinequan (doxepin)Tofranil (imipramine)Vivactil (protryptyline) Other Medications Which May Cause Tremors Other psychiatric medications, such as lithium and Depakote (mood stabilizers used in bipolar disorder), may also commonly cause tremor.?? Antipsychotic medications, particularly the older agents (typical antipsychotics), may cause a tremor similar to Parkinsons disease. Extrapyramidal side effects of these drugs may also include dystonia (involuntary contractions of muscles), tardive dyskinesia (abnormal facial movements such as grimacing and chewing), and akathisia, a feeling of restlessness which may sometimes mimic a tremor.?? In addition, there are a wide variety of other prescription drugs which may cause a tremor including: EpinephrineAnticonvulsants (anti-epilepsy drugs)Anti-emetics (anti-nausea drugs)Bronchodilators used for asthma and COPDSome chemotherapy drugsSome immunosuppressant medicationsSome antibioticsSome anti-viral drugsSome heart and blood pressure medicationsStimulants such as caffeine and amphetamines Medical Conditions Which May Cause Tremors   Finally, there are certain medical conditions which can cause tremors, such as Parkinsons disease, alcohol withdrawal, hyperthyroidism, pheochromocytoma, Wilsons disease, and liver failure.?? How Can You Know If Your Tremor Is From Your Antidepressant? In order to determine whether your tremor is indeed related to your antidepressant, your doctor will do a physical exam and ask you questions about your medical history, including what medications you are taking. Generally, this is enough to determine if your antidepressant is causing your tremor, although your doctor may order additional testing if she needs to rule out any other potential causes. Treatment for Antidepressant-Induced Tremors Perhaps the best solution for tremor caused by antidepressants is to stop taking the drug causing it and switch to a different medication. Tremor will generally resolve over time after the offending medication has been ceased, but occasionally a tremor caused by SSRIs may persist. Sometimes, however, you may be doing so well on your medication that you dont want to change it for fear of returning depression. If this is the case, your doctor may opt to add an additional medication to control your tremors, such as a beta-blocker, a benzodiazepine, Mysoline (primidone,) Topamax (topiramate,) or Neurontin (gabapentin.)?? A Word From Verywell Certain classes of antidepressants, particularly SSRIs and tricyclic antidepressants are commonly associated with the development of tremor. Other medications and medical conditions which can cause tremor may increase the likelihood of a tremor. Diagnosis is usually accomplished by taking a good history and doing a physical exam alone, but other tests may be needed especially if it is unclear whether your tremor is related to your antidepressant or an unrelated medical condition. The easiest treatment for antidepressant-induced tremor is simply discontinuing the drug, but this is not always possible. There are several types of medications which can be used to reduce the tremor while continuing the antidepressant if needed.

Elements Of Poetry Types & Examples -

Poetry is as old as history. It is undoubtedly one of the most creative literature pieces there is, especially because it evokes strong emotions and imaginative consciousness through beautifying a language, particularly the essential elements of poetry.StructureThe first thing to notice in poems is its structure. That is because structure can give away the rest of the elements and forms of poetry. First thing is the lines count. A line is an entire single line of words or phrases, which when grouped, form a stanza. A stanza is the equivalent of a paragraph, whereas a line is the equivalent of a sentence in essay writing. Stanzas also come into various categories mainly in terms of the line count.SoundThe sound pattern is a very significant point in elements and forms of poetry. This is embodied by the poems meter or rhyme scheme, and the sound of words itself. Meter refers to the position of the accent in a line (e.g. iambic, trochee, dactyl, etc.). Rhyme refers to the matching of en d sounds of lines in a stanza. The rhyming scheme depends solely on the poet: (a) The end sounds are of the same rhyme (AAAA), (b) end sounds have alternative rhyming scheme (ABAB), or (c) grouped rhyming e.g. first and second lines have the same rhyme, third and fourth have the same rhyme (AABBCC).ImageryImagery is the element of poetry that sparks the readers senses. Imagery refers to the figures of speech one can use to present a mental picture, for example, to a narrative poetry. This is where the wordplay comes in, poets can control the language to let out the best way of poetry presentation. Also, imagery, like sound pattern, is an essential in learning about the elements and forms of poetry. After mastering the elements of poetry, follows that Shakespeare and Petrarch taught us that poems can come in different forms.Free VerseFree verse poems gives the author the most freedom among all the other forms of poetry because it does not follow any rhyming pattern, syllable count, l ine count, or line and stanza formation. You are the Dante Alighieri of your free verse poetry.SonnetA sonnet is a short form of poetry that originated in Italy. Sonnet has a fixed verse consisting of exactly 14 lines that is in a form of a rhyming iambic pentameter. Writing a sonnet can be a little tedious, but just as enjoyable as writing any other literary piece.HaikuWriting a haiku is a lot trickier than the rest or even the classic forms of poetry such as couplet and the likes. Haiku originated from Japan, and this poem is restricted to three lines with exactly 17 syllables in total where the first and third lines have five syllables each, and seven syllables for the second line. Other than this structure, haiku also follows a strict single image but of contrasting and resonant nature at the same time.LimerickA limerick, like a sonnet, is a rather short form of poetry that is actually limited to five directly humorous or satirical lines which rhyming patter should be AABBA whe re the first, second, and last lines end on the same rhyme (Rhyme A), so as the third and fourth (Rhyme B).NarrativeLike the narrative essays, this form of poetry also tells a story, which means that your characters, setting, and plot are distinct and well-described. A narrative poem can be a free verse, a sonnet, a limerick, or any other form of poetry. A narrative also offers a bigger room for the exploration of the elements or even other forms of poetry.EpicAn epic is an extensive narrative form of poetry that uses grandiose language, meant to celebrate the mightiness, accomplishments, and adventures often of a legendary hero. An epic can also be a narrative, and like narrative, an epic does not limit the length of the piece, hence, more room to explore the elements or other forms of poetry as well.Custom essay writing for studentsPoetry and prose are two of the most significant form of literature. You can be good at both, or you can be be better at one over the other. You are lu cky if you are one of the few people who can easily excel at both. However, you can be more talented in writing poetry but cannot easily express yourself in writing prose and even academic writing. Here at , we can provide writing service for anyone who struggle to improve in their coursework. Our writers are more than capable to write custom essays, term papers, and research papers. Hit us up with details of what you need and our Support Team will help you out right away!

Marketing in Practice - Cadbury Company in the UK Free Essay Example, 2750 words

Understanding consumer motivation and behavior is not an option- it is an absolute necessity for competitive survival (Engel, Blackwell and Miniard, 1986). Gummesson (1994) has proposed that successful management of process demands that the seller emphasizes the use of customer behavior data for bonding the seller to the customer as the basis for sustaining purchase loyalty. Here in the case of Cadbury, due to unsafe product (chocolate) supply to shops and failing to immediately inform the authorities after discovering the traces of food poisoning, which ultimately triggered salmonella outbreak has affected the image of Cadbury and due to this incident, consumers may lose trust in its products. Court observations and actual food poisoning and salmonella outbreak, as well as reporting of incidents in the media, adversely affected the Cadbury overall image. Concerns of executives due to this incidence are that the buyers may lose trust and it may harm the overall sale of Cadbury prod ucts apart from the losses due to infected products and court proceedings and compensation. So there is a need to start of an image building program for Cadbury and for that purpose, one has to take research about consumer s attitudes and opinions about the Cadbury brand. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing in Practice - Cadbury Company in the UK or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page Consumer s suggestions may be obtained through conducting a questionnaire survey at retailers point. Another way to find out consumers view is through suggestion boxes at retailers point as well as through telephones or E-mails.

Globalization A New Concept - 2248 Words

Asma Alsahafi Michael ELS Fort Wayne 13 April 2016 Even though many people think globalization is a new concept, globalization already existed before the First World War. According to Well (2001), in the early years of the nineteenth century, before the First World War started, people who lived at that time, were able to invest their money or sell products to other people and buy products from other people who might live in other countries with unlimited boundaries. Between the beginning of the First World War and the end of the Second World War, the acceleration of globalization went up and down and this was influenced by many factors. The main period when the movement of goods went down was during the war. Neither the†¦show more content†¦So, the best definition to understand the globalization concept is the one that covers all these dimensions. In Al-Rodhan’s (2006, June 19) opinion, â€Å"Globalization is a process that encompasses the causes, course, and consequences of transnational and transcultural integrati on of human and non-human activities.† Globalization has several impacts on every aspect of people s lives. For example, the effect of globalization on the environment. The industrial countries want to increase their income and keep their economic positions. They try to build more factories without thinking about the emission which cause a lot of environmental problems, such as global warming, water pollution, air pollution, the ozone layer hole, and depletion of resources. Globalization affects not only on the environment, but also all their dimensions, and the focus here is in the effect of globalization on economics, culture, and education. The first impact we discuss in this paper is the effect of globalization on the economic. Economists defend the globalization from their perspective in different ways, and not all of them have agreement on one definition. One of those definition is â€Å"Globalization is about the changing costs of economic interactions across distance and the effects these changes in the geographical distribution of economic activity.† (Crafts Venables, 2003). And this is not the only definition, there are many of

Essay on Exhaust Analysis Osygen Sensor Developed by...

Oxygen Sensor [7] This device was developed by Robert Bosch GmbH in the 1960s and is also called the Lambda Sensor. The purpose of the sensor is to determine the amount of oxygen in its surroundings. It plays a very important role in automotive vehicles in determining the amount of oxygen present in the exhaust gases. By knowing the same, we can improve electronic fuel injection and emission control. They he to observe in real-time if the air-to-fuel ratio of combustion engine is rich or lean. Since the sensor is present in the exhaust system, they do not directly determine the optimality of the air-to-fuel ratio, but when the information of the sensor is coupled with information from other sources, it can be used to improve overall†¦show more content†¦Carbon monoxide results in a slightly rich burn and NOX indicates a lean burn. Failure or damage of the sensor indicates the use of unleaded fuels containing silicon or silicates. The data from the sensor instructs the ECU to continuously adju st the amount of fuel charged into the engine. The engine operates in a slightly lean and slightly rich burn in successive loops. This helps in maintaining an average which is very close to the stoichiometric ratio. The sensor element is encased in a ceramic cylinders both inside and outside with platinum electrodes and the entire assembly is wrapped in metal gauge. The sensors work effectively at high temperature. When the temperature is at and above 3160C (6000F). Most new sensors are equipped with their own heating elements. There are three main types of oxygen sensors. They are: 1. Zirconia Sensor Made of zirconium dioxide or zirconia it is based on a fuel cell called the Nerst cell. It gives an output of 0.2V DC to show a lean mixture in which the air entering the system is enough to fully oxidize the fuel to CO and then CO2. An output of 0.8V represents a rich mixture which contains unburnt HC and low in O2. The ideal value is approximately 0.45V. The air-to-fuel ratio is 0.5% of the optimum stoichiometric ratio. The advantage of this sensor is that it is most sensitive near the ideal stoichiometric ratio whereas it is very insensitive and ineffective when mixture is very lean or very rich. This is type of

The Code Of Chivalry Value Honesty, Honor, Valor, And Loyalty

The knightly code of chivalry value honesty, honor, valor, and loyalty; however, each era adapt and manipulate the code. The dark ages of King Arthur adopted the code along with the conduct aligned with the Christian religion. Knightly chivalry is means to fear God serve, pledge your loyalty to their lord, live honorable, tell the truth, respect women, never refuse a challenge, eschew unfairness, meanness, and deceit, protect the weak and defenseless, and it goes on (Alchin). The reality of true knightly hood is impossible. You cannot successfully abide by them all without breaking one. The duty of the knight is a task of utter perfection. The knight has a responsibility to protect all, but it is depicted time after time in all forms of media of those who value riches and power. Sir Gawain of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is about a knight of King Arthur usually fabled in many stories of the times. Sir Gawain in this version is well known throughout many Arthurian stories for his loyalty, humility, and chivalrousness. In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, these qualities are clearly manifested as Gawain undergoes many trials which put his character to the test, for he is knightly, to a fault. During this time period it isn’t easy to disobey this code. The medieval period the Lord of the land is supreme rule. The Lord are their providers, so you cannot bite the hand that feeds you. Gawain is a knight who values loyalty above all. Sir Gawain’s tale begins withShow MoreRelatedSir Gawain And The Green Knight Code Analysis824 Words   |  4 PagesKnight, Sir Gawain obeys a code of knightly conduct that revolves around a few key principles. Today, these principles do not carry the same importance and influence as they did in 14th century Middle England. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is a chivalric romance story, representing the importance of the chivalric code. Sir Gawain always keeps his promises, obeys his lord, and enters combat to uphold his reputation of bravery. These comprise part of the code of chivalry, the principle of utmost importanceRead MoreChanges to Knighthood throughout the Years942 Words   |  4 Pagesadvanced instructions in military subjects and morals. The original medieval nights were originally servants who kept their lords lands after they served in their lords armies. With time christian values were added to knighthood â€Å"involving respect for the church, protection of the poor and the weak, loyalty to one’s feudal or military superiors, and preservation of personal honour† (Knight 3). These became known as the knights orders they followed to achieve greatness. The first recognized

Whispered Thesis Help Secrets

Whispered Thesis Help Secrets Among them, choosing the right literature before starting with the thesis is extremely crucial. When you wish to give out the very best thesis statement, you ought to start thinking about it from the start. A thesis is unarguably the most significant portion of academic fulfillment. In the event the content of your thesis isn't unique then may be the possibility of rejection of your undertaking. The Unusual Secret of Thesis Help Thesis paper has a specific format and it must be maintained. It's understandable if students are unfamiliar with thesis statements. It is clear that you need to turn over the ideal dissertation paper to your thesis advisor and for this reason below are some heads-ups for you which is likely to make your job of dissertation writing a bit simpler. The primary purpose behind writing a very good thesis statement is to give readers a great idea about what the thesis is about. In addition, the thesis statement should cover every facet of the most important text. Developing a thesis statement which will be described as great will involve picking a thesis topic that interests you. The Tried and True Method for Thesis Help in Step by Step Detail On-Time Completion The primary aim of every student when writing the very first draft ought to be completing the first draft on time as opposed to making it perfect. Writing your very last thesis is a painful procedure, not just one time activity that you may work within a couple of hours. It's relatively straightforward to comprehend and work on. What You Don't Know Abou t Thesis Help Students, that are going to finish their masters degree needed to submit a thesis paper as a way to complete their program. Writing a thesis is regarded as a burden by a lot of the students due to several factors. Most Noticeable Thesis Help When you're placing your order for aid with thesis statement, you're supposed to furnish us with some critical info. Regardless of the subject and intricacy of the undertaking, a critical part of succeeding is getting your work checked and evaluated by means of an expert. For the best places to find assistance, you can take a look at the subsequent. If you're looking for a thesis assist and have trouble getting the support you require, we can assist you. The Characteristics of Thesis Help Provides a Theoretical Framework Every thesis should have a theoretical framework so the appropriate methodology is in place. Experts from your field is going to be assigned to your undertaking. Each project varies in nature, but sometim es we need to write on the identical subject that we've already done. Complex requirements Students, the majority of the moment, fail to know the demands of the paper. Thesis Help Features Thesis on-line service is a great solution if you're writing your own thesis. Our website is just one of the most appropriate for essay help. When it regards the bibliography, it can make or break the entire assignment. You can rely on the ideal essay help online. Details of Thesis Help Another important part of developing a strong thesis statement is to understand where you should place it. Therefore, it goes without saying your thesis statement should the greatest possible quality. The whole structure of the thesis will hinge on the statement, which will function as the assertive portion of what you would like the people to profit from the full work. Professors deduct a minumum of one point for each and every error in the paper. Drafting a PhD thesis outline is among the most troubl esome tasks here. The Architectural Thesis is among the main facets of a degree in architecture. Choice of the topic is the initial step when it has to do with the PhD thesis. Thesis Help Explained Once you have decided on the topic for your thesis, then it is the right time to do a little bit of research. If you are uncertain of what topic to write on, you always have the option to take aid from the on-line dissertation advisors. Not only should it explain the subject of your research, but it also needs to define how you're feeling about your topic. Selecting the theme of a thesis doesn't mean picking a new topic. The Nuiances of Thesis Help Excellent excellent research in regards to post graduate research it's not only about finishing the job. Writing services are among the best blessings of the 21st century. The students of dissertation help, thesis help can depend on us entirely for the assortment of their topics and total assignments. Accordingly, through our writ ers, an individual can acquire excellent dissertation help. The Demise of Thesis Help The online academic help agencies will manage the issue. In addition to supplying you with assistance in the real areas you require help in writing, they are also able to offer you some valuable insight and terrific tips also. Finest accounting professionals earn their group of perdisco experts. We've the professional professional, dissertation, and thesis-writing help which you must have about prices you might afford to cover. Many students that are supposed to submit research paper thesis chance to be working. In research, you need to do independent research. Alas, although online research helps students out a good deal, it doesn't make studying considerably more comfortable. For students, it can be hard to choose ways of performing research. The Ultimate Thesis Help Trick In instance, you find it hard to collect the resources, you can get aid from thesis writing service. Though the re are numerous sources readily available, many are written outside the US, the united kingdom or any other English-speaking nations. Also, choosing the perfect thesis offers you a moral support your bibliography won't ever be of waste in any event of revision. You can search for services that assist you with thesis writing UK.

Cloud Infrastructure For Securing IOT Device and Data

Question: Discuss about theCloud Infrastructure for Securing IOT Device and Data. Answer: Introduction/Description In the current scenario cloud computing and the Internet of Things (IoT) are creating waves across all application areas. IoT encompasses a variety of communicating devices namely RFID, wireless sensors, etc. which make use of wired or wireless medium or cellular networks (3G, 4G) to transfer data and is increasingly employed in a variety of smart monitoring and control applications [1]. IoT devices are flexible as they make use of different technologies, services and standards, therefore, they are generating a lot of interest in machine-to-machine (M2M) communications and in the areas of ICT applications, at least for the next decade as perceived by many experts [2]. Therefore, IoT can be understood as a collection of devices which work collaboratively in many applications involving data communications. In spite of these benefits, IoT devices are constrained by limitations in their storage, processing capacity and there are a number of issues related to security, privacy, reliability and performance. Hence, data streams transmitted by IoT devices are not fully secure and are vulnerable because of their open nature. Cloud computing offers ubiquitous IT services in and has virtually unlimited capacities and capabilities to provide processing power, storage, network, and infrastructure. Cloud computing is characterized by service models and deployment models. Service models offer a unique set of computing resources to suit different needs. Cloud computing models have the capability to handle IoT devices and can partially solve IoT requirements. In this report, the integration of IoT and cloud computing is explored because these two areas are setting the trend for new novel IT paradigm and viewed as the future internet. The merging of these two areas is also known as CloudIot paradigm [3]. The report will discuss the need for cloud security infrastructure for IoT to ensure secure device and data management. The report also provides summaries on IoT architecture and how cloud architecture can handle IoT devices and complement each other to resolve issues in privacy, security, confidentiality and performance. Background IoT and cloud have evolved independently and rapidly through these years, but their characteristics are found to complement each other. The aspects of cloud and IoT that complement each other are found in the areas of reachability, computational capabilities, storage, their role on the internet, computing elements and displacement. The characteristics related to these aspects in the case of IoT are: limited reachability, limited compute capability, very limited or no storage, point of convergence for data and IoT devices are pervasive. IoT devices are also difficult to manage because they are distributed. Likewise, the aspects for cloud are unlimited resources and services, virtual resources, unlimited storage, easy scalability, and a means of service delivery on the internet. Cloud computing management is centralized and hence easy to manage and enforce controls. Due to these characteristics, there is an emerging interest in integrating IoT devices in cloud services to have the bene fit of using unlimited cloud resources to overcome the limitations in IoT devices [4]. To understand the security risks posed by IoT, the generic architecture of IoT is first understood for its vulnerabilities. The IoT architecture is made up of four layers: Perception layer, Network layer, Middleware or separation layer and Application layer. Each layer is vulnerable to different security issues. Some of the security vulnerabilities in IoT architecture include eavesdropping, spoofing, RF jamming attacks, man-in-the-middle attack, DoS, phishing and sniffing attacks. Data streams from IoT devices are vulnerable to these attacks. Hence, security in IoT devices is highly crucial. The security objectives in IoT will include authentication, confidentiality, and integrity. Any data breach in any of these objectives will quite likely compromise the device and data. Cloud computing infrastructures are developed using industry best practices to comply with global security management standards (ISO, ITIL, PCI-DSS, etc.) and hence these three areas of authentication, confidentiality and integrity are mandatory requirements in any type of cloud infrastructure. In cloud services every user is established and permissions granted accordingly. Authentication process validates an individual user from his/her username and passwords to verify with their cloud profile [5]. In the case of IoT, the device will need to authenticate itself to participate in the cloud infrastructure and hence it makes use of a custom encapsulation mechanism called the smart business security IoT application protocol [6]. This protocol will establish cross-platform secure communications with encryption and authentication to enhance IoT development capabilities. Confidentiality and Integrity are major aspects of cloud computing because data is distributed across different data centers in databases. Therefore, confidentiality is asserted for user profiles to protect their data and allows for information security protocols applied at different layers in the cloud infrastructure. Integrity refers to data consistency, durability, and isolation in cloud environments. The existing management systems in relation to confidentiality and integrity in IoT context is analyzed for key management systems are applied [7]. There are four major frameworks in key management systems namely key pool framework, mathematical framework, negotiation framework and public key framework. These frameworks are not suitable for IoT. Hence to ensure the integrity and confidentiality more lightweight encryption methods involving XOR manipulation and anti-counterfeiting and privacy protection [8] to handle IoT devices as they are resource constrained. Confidentiality and in tegrity in IoT include security mechanisms such as data encryption methods that make data unreadable for neighboring devices. The aspect of availability in IoT relates to continuous streams of data which merge well with the ubiquitous service availability in the cloud. In summary, it can be noted that IoT and cloud infrastructures though have evolved separately, can be integrated to provide many benefits. The aspects that are common to both IoT and cloud paradigms are compared and discussed. IoT devices have many limitations in terms of resources and are vulnerable to security breaches. Cloud infrastructures make use of global security standards which can complement IoT devices in overcoming their security issues and participate in the network with secured data and device managements. References D. Miorandi, S. Sicari, F. De Pellegrini, I. Chlamtac, Survey internet of things: vision, applications and research challenges, Ad Hoc Networks. 10 (7) (2012) 14971516. D. Boswarthick, O. Elloumi, O. Hersent, M2M Communications: A Systems Approach, first ed., Wiley Publishing, 2012. H.-C. Chao. Internet of things and cloud computing for future internet. In Ubiquitous Intelligence and Computing, Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 2011. Aitken, R., Chandra, V., Myers, J., Sandhu, B., Shifren, L., Yeric, G., 2014. Device and technology implications of the internet of things. In: VLSI Technology (VLSI-Technology): Digest of Technical Papers, 2014 Symposium on. pp. 1-4. Ramgovind, S., Eloff, M.M., Smith, E. The Management of Security in Cloud Computing. IEEE 2010, pp. 1-4. Y. Zhao, Research on data security technology in internet of things, in: 2013 2nd International Conference on Mechatronics and Control Engineering, ICMCE 2013, Dalian, China, 2013, pp. 17521755 R. Roman, C. Alcaraz, J. Lopez, N. Sklavos, Key management systems for sensor networks in the context of the internet of things, Comput. Electrical Eng. 37 (2), 2011, pp. 147159. J.-Y. Lee, W.-C. Lin, Y.-H.Huang, A lightweight authentication protocol for internet of things, in: 2014 International Symposium on Next-Generation Electronics, ISNE 2014, Kwei-Shan, 2014, pp. 12

Diary of Anne Frank free essay sample

Focusing on this Diary written be Anne Frank, it posses a picture of Endurance as her strong human spirit, through the revulsion of Holocaust. Some of the quotes portrayed in her work, clearly indicate the perseverance that she undergone as little girl, who in any way did not give up the struggle. â€Å"Who would ever think that so much, went through the soul of a young girl†(Frank 3), These were the words of Anne trying to portray how much she was going through in the attempt to cope with the uncouth times of Holocaust. Their movement to Amsterdam implied that they had to change their usual lifestyle, meaning that Anne had to adapt to the new form of lifestyle which she was not familiar with. Anne had to mingle with the new villagers, who did not understand her way of life and therefore, regarded her to be annoying (Frank 3). The story of Anne Frank depicts the aspect of brutality by the Jews during the reign of the famous leader Adolf Hitler and the Axis of power at the period of the World War 2. The reader can infer that Mr. Dussel is become more irritable, as well as Anne. This quote is controversial when compared to the scene before this quote. The scene earlier is Anne and Mr. Dussel getting along well, as Anne is showing Mr. Dussel how to adjust to life in the Annex. I feel Anne said this not against Mr. Dussel, but as a source of venting in this diary entry. It seems as she is changing as the story progresses, as she matures, but gets aggravated many times as well, since it is very adverse living in such clandestineness. I can relate this to my own life, since at many times when activities are hard, or even boring, I can get irritable to those around me. For instance, when I was studying for the Duke TIPS S. A. T in seventh grade, I got very frustrated since the work was above my level. As my father walked in once, I got very upset when he only intended to ask me a question. This also caused me to have many questions such as: * Will Anne become more irritable throughout the story? * Will the characters get along smoothly for the remainder of their stay, or will they all change as Anne is? * Why did the author write ofa quarrel between Anne and Mr. Dussel? Is it to show the impact of Anne changing, since the scene before the two of them are getting along? Or is it foreshadowing more events such as these? I Everything she does is right, and everything I do is wrong! (p. 168) | Anne says this in frustration after Mrs. Van Daan yells at her for spilling milk on her coat. This xpresses another Anne because it suggests that Anne sees herself changing, that she envisions a different self. I feel that Anne says this because to her, everybody in the Annex shows more favoritism to Margot then her, especially her mother. On the outside it seems Anne cant always control her temper, as she strives to be more like Margot, who is patient and calm. On the inside, she is Jealous of Margot, wanting to have more of an attitude like hers, and convey a better personality to others, contrary to what shes done. Also Anne is younger, so it is understandable that shed look up to an older sibling. I can relate to this because many times in our family, I feel as if my parents favor my older sibling over me. I have the same feelings as expressed in this quote, as it is hard to be more mature than somebody older. This quotation suggests change in Anne, as she herself wants to change, and be more socially civil is losing her temper, it also shows maturity, as she is maturing. This quote shows that she is maturing because she now realizes her impact on others, and wants to be more like Margot, who is quite a role model to her. Some questions that occurred were: * Will Anne keep maturing as she is already? Will she change, and be less irritable throughout the story? I In spite of everything, I believe people are really good at heart (p. 512) | This is Annes quote from the end of the story, out of her diary, when Mr. Frank is reading it. Anne is expressing her very noble and humane take on people, which is very hard to persist throughout her experience. This is more of a flashback at the moment, as in reality Anne is dead. This shows that throughout the story, Anne went from the bad Anne outside and the good Anne inside to the good Anne outside and the bad Anne inside which is what she was trying to ccomplish from the beginning. The good/bad Anne quote was from page. 478, while talking to her father. This shows how mature Anne really was, as though the Nazis invasions and cruelty, she kept that hope inside of her, to keep her going, in a belief of liberation. This shows great change, from the start with a Jejune or Juvenile character, toa wise and astute character. I l have a nice side father a sweeter, nicer side. But Im scared to show it. Im afraid that people are going to laugh at me if Im serious. (p. 478) | Anne says this to her father at the end of Scene 4.

Mobilink Essay Example

Mobilink Essay Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION3 ?INTRODUCTION:3 ?HUMAN RESOURCE DEPARTMENT AT MOBILINK5 ?STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AT MOBILINK:6 Chapter 2: HR POLICIES IN GENERAL (MOBILINK):7 ?POLICIES IN GENERAL:7 1. Working hours:7 2. Protection of company assets people policy:8 3. Dress code policy:8 4. Security and safety policy:10 5. Company publications policy:10 6. Attendance policy11 ?PRACTICES AGAINST THE POLICIES IN GENERAL:12 1)Working Hours:12 2)Protection of Company Assets:12 3)Dress Code:12 4)Security Safety Policy:12 5)Company Publications:13 ?CRITICAL REVIEW ON HR POLICIES OF MOBILINK IN GENERAL:13 Chapter 4: RECRUITMENT AND SELECTION PROCESS:14 ?MOBILINK POLICIES FOR RECRUITMENT AND SELECTION:14 Recruitment policy14 Policy guidelines:14 General conditions for recruitment:15 Application:16 Conditions for selection:16 ?PRACTICES AT MOBILINK REGARDING RECRUITMENT AND SELECTION:18 ? CRITICAL REVIEW ON RECRUITMENT AND SELECTION PROCESS:18 Chapter 5: TRAINING19 ?TRAINING NEEDS ASSESSMENT POLICY AT MOBILINK:19 ?FOREIGN TRAINING POLICY:20 Objective:20 Policy Guidelines:20 Conditions for Overseas Training:20 Surety for Mutual Benefit:20 ?TRAINING: PRACTICES AT MOBILINK21 Types of Training in Mobilink:21 Mobilinks Training programmes:22 ?CRITICAL REVIEW ON TRAINING AT MOBILINK:24 Chapter 6: PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL SYSTEM:25 ?POLICIES AT MOBILINK FOR PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL:25 Frequency of the Performance Review:25 Policy guidelines:26 Performance Appraisal Forms:26 ?PRACTICES AT MOBILINK FOR PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL SYSTEM:27 ? CRITICAL REVIEW ON PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL:27 Chapter 7: CAREER PLANNING DEVELOPMENT:28 ?CRITICAL REVIEW:28 Chapter 8: Rewards System:29 ?POLICIES ON REWARD SYSTEM AT MOBILINK:29 Salary29 ?PRACTICES ON REWARD SYSTEMS AT MOBILINK:32 CRITICAL REVIEW:32 Chapter 8: OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY MEASURES:33 HOW WELL THESE POLICIES AND PRACTICES ARE ACHIEVING THE ORGANIZATIONAL GOALS? 33 CONCLUSION: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 34 RECOMMENDATIONS:34 BIBLIOGRAPHY:35 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION Introduction: Orascom Telecom Holding S. A. E. (Orascom Telecom) or (OTH) was established in 1998 and has grown to become a major player in the telecommunication market in the world. OTH is considered among the largest and most diversified network operator in the Middle East, Africa and Pakistan. We will write a custom essay sample on Mobilink specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Mobilink specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Mobilink specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Mobilink GSM (PMCL), a subsidiary of Orascom Telecom, was awarded a license in July, 1992 and started its operations in 1994, and has become the market leader both in terms of growth as well as having the largest customer subscriber base in, Pakistan a base of over 24 million and growing. Mobilink provides the most extensive network coverage footprint across Pakistan through an integrated technology infrastructure in more than 5,000 cities, towns, villages, and countless remote destinations, including International Roaming in 110 countries through 300 partner operators. There are about 5000 employees currently working in Mobilink of which 4500 are working on permanent basis and 500 on temporary basis, with average of more than 800 employees hired every month. Among them approximately 5% are managers and operatives are 40%, rest are either contractual or not directly related to core business. In April 2001, when the OTH (Orascom Telecom Holding) took over management control of the company, the market share was only 40% but as of March, 2006; Mobilink served over 14 million subscribers, representing a market share of approximately 56. % of total mobile subscribers in Pakistan. However, during the past two years the market share of Mobilink has gone down to 41% (As of March, 2007). The head office of Mobilink is located at KULSUM Plaza, blue area, Islamabad. Its branch offices are located in Lahore, Karachi, Faisalabad, Rahim Yar Khan, Sukkur, Peshwar, Quetta, Swat, and Kohat. Moblink has three main contact centers in three regions of Pakistan. As for the customers centers there are about 2000-2500 customers service centers all over Pakistan. Principal area in which Mobilink Telecommunication is working is that it provides its customers, a wide range of postpaid (Indigo) and prepaid (Jazz) solutions. Keeping in the mind their customer convenience they have also bundled mobile handsets, sold either independently or bundled in Set so Go Get Pack. Competition faced by the company is from al the operators in telecom that includes all the face SGM (Global System of mobile) operators, CDMA operators and LDI operators and land line operators. All these telecom companies Human Resource Departments are in constant need of new employees. So there is stiff competition in the telecom market for Mobilink. Comparison with competitors in the market is shown as in the table. Mobilink is using high IT based technology for operations. Mobilink uses Motorola’s infrastructure mostly at radio based stations, but now it has been exceedingly using Alchatel equipment too. Switching equipment is of Siemens and Alchatel, billing system from Telesens KSCL and Ericsson, Intelligent network from Siemens, Microwave equipement DMC. The GSM (Global System of Mobile communication) band that is used by Mobilink is in 900/1800 MHz. The number of subscribes of Mobilink has been fast increasing since year 2000,the number of subscribes of Mobilink has almost doubled in the last one year from 5 million approx to 10 million approx this figure has almost increased by 50 times as it was in year 2000. This in fact is a milestone for Mobilink. Currently the company has a customer base of over 24 million and its growing. HUMAN RESOURCE DEPARTMENT AT MOBILINK There are about 44 HR professionals currently working at Mobilink of which 10 are managers. Mobilink has a very well defined and structured department and its various policies of keeping each employee productive part of the organization are intoned with the corporate worlds requirement. Employees in the company are largely committed to their organization and have shown progress in the company. Employees are satisfied with the HR department of Mobilink GSM Company. There are several functions performed by HR department which are given below: 6 Planning 6 Recruitment 6 Selection †¢ Formal Interview †¢ Intelligence tests 6 Research and Development Training 6 Compensation 6 Occupational Health and Safety measures 6 Career Planning and Development 6 Performance Appraisal System In order to make its human resource productive and efficient, Mobilink aggressively work in developing its human resource capital through international and local trainings as well as structured employee ‘well-being’ programs, making it one of the most sought after companies to work for in Pakistan. Mobilink conducts several training program in order to improve the competencies and skills of employees. STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AT MOBILINK: Humans are the basic tool for having competitive edge in the market for most of the organizations and Mobilink is one of these. Mobilink has one of the best HR systems in Pakistan that gives it an edge over its competitors. HR strategy refers to the specific human resource management course of actions that a company pursues to achieve its objectives. But how these strategies/policies/practices are formulated and implemented at Mobilink. There is a whole process behind this. Like most big organizations, this process is also done in accordance with company’s mission. First, Strategic planners analyze what actually is he prevalent culture of the organization, what are the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats (SWOT analysis) of business and its market, and on the basis of all the above analysis, company’s strategic plan is established. In the end HR strategies are formulated in accordance with this overall business’/companies’ strategic plans. Based on these HR strategies, HR policies and practices are also formed and implemented. Any abrupt change in the market requires the organization to follow this analysis in order to be successful. That why organizations continuously keeps on updating their strategies and policies. Whole system for development of HR strategies/policies/practices is as below: [pic] Chapter 2: HR POLICIES IN GENERAL (MOBILINK): Policies in General: WORKING HOURS: Purpose: Hours of work are scheduled to meet the production and work requirements of the Company, and are in conformance with all applicable local laws and practices. Working Hours: The Company shall determine the hours of work: Office Hours: Monday through Friday (09:00 am. – 6:00 pm. ) 9 am to 8 p. m. (Shops operating on one window operation concept) Saturday: The shops timings will be determined by the Customer Service Management keeping in view the customer needs. Sixty (60) minutes meal breaks each day from Monday through Thursday. Ninety (90) minutes meal / prayer break for Friday. Shift work: Employees working in shifts will follow the shift roasters prepared by the line management. Exceptions: Employees may be requested to work on any of the holidays or regularly scheduled day of rest including Saturday/Sunday, if the Company’s business so requires. Breach: Any employee not abiding by the working hours Policy will initially be counselled by his /her immediate supervisor / office manager. Any repeated act will be reported to the Human Resources in writing who will refer the discipline policy for further proceedings. PROTECTION OF COMPANY ASSETS PEOPLE POLICY: Purpose: Mobilink’s continued success depends on the protection as well as the development of technology. Each employee is responsible for preventing the unauthorized use or disclosure of the Company’s sensitive and proprietary information. By following security policies and procedures, employees will protect themselves as well as the physical, proprietary and intellectual assets of the Company. Procedure: Employees to identify themselves to the security guards by showing Company issued Identity Cards. Employees will sign confidentiality and proprietary agreement at the time of leaving the Company stating that no information will be passed on to any other person / organization. Human Resources is responsible for signing of the agreement by the employee leaving the Company before handing over a full and final settlement cheque to the concerned employee. DRESS CODE POLICY: Purpose: Following are the main purposes for this policy. A)To provide all employees with the reasons for suitable attire, acceptability of appearance and enforcement procedures. B)For the benefit of the employee and all other employees in the working area. The employees clothing, hairstyle and jewelry shall not be of the type, which may interfere with the appropriate performance of his/her duties. C)Employees whose duties involve Customer contact must maintain a suitable appearance, as customers judge the Company not only by the quality of product and services the Company provides, but also by the appearance of the people with whom they deal. D)Employees who deal with the general public must maintain a suitable appearance as their dress and actions reflect upon Company Corporate image. Procedure: †¢ All female employees shall observe the following dress code: Shalwar Kameez Sari / Blouse Dress Pants / Blouse or Shirt with Jacket or Waist Coat Skirts / Blouse or Shirt with Jacket or Waist Coat (No minis / long slits) Light makeup Light jewelry No Low Necks †¢ All male employees shall follow the following dress code: Dress shirt / pants / Tie with Jacket or Coat or Sweater Dress shoes and socks Well trimmed moustache, hair and beard / â€Å"shaved face† Hair length should not go below the shirt collar †¢ Employees who work on Saturdays, where they have customer contact will wear Business casual. Business casual is defined as follows: Dress shirt / pants Dress shirt / pants /coat Dress shirt / pants / sweater Dress shoes and socks No joggers No jeans Dress code for female employees will remain unchanged on Saturdays. All Officers / Department Heads shall be responsible for the implementation of the dress code for their employees. Any employee not abiding by the Dress Code under this Policy will initially be counseled by his /her immediate supervisor / office manager. Any repeated act will be reported to the Human Resources Department in writing. SECURITY AND SAFETY POLICY: Purpose: The safety of employees is everyone’s responsibility. Accidents, precaution and efficient work go hand in hand. All levels of employees have a primary responsibility for the safety and well being of all of us. Therefore, interest in practicing safety prevention must be encouraged by: a) Setting good examples. b) Acting upon safety records. c) Reviewing safety programs. d) Holding personal interviews or group conferences. e) Starting activities that will stimulate and maintain employee’s interests. No phase of operation of administration is of greater importance than accident prevention. It is the policy of the Company to provide and maintain safe and healthy working conditions and to follow operating practices that safeguard all employees and result in safe working conditions and efficient operations. Proper First Aid Kit will be available at all Mobilink Offices including remote locations. COMPANY PUBLICATIONS POLICY: Purpose: To provide a means of communicating Mobilink’s policies, objectives, plans programs and development of all employees. †¢ To report on all Mobilink activities. †¢ To provide an outlet for employees to express themselves in their literary and artistic talents. Policy Guidelines: The Company publishes booklets, news articles and newsletters for the benefit of the employees. The Company maintains the rights to change, discontinue, reverse or edit the content of any publication issued by the Company. Only brochures, pamphlets, newsletters, handbills or posters approved by the Company may be issued or distributed on Company premises. The President and the VP Human Resources Administration must approve all publications intended for all employees. ATTENDANCE POLICY Purpose: To prevent unauthorized absence of employees, this creates serious problems for normal and efficient operations and could result in disciplinary action including termination. Guidelines: In case of any absence continuing for more than 24 hours must be reported to concerned department, in case of illness, a medical statement concerning the illness must be submitted to Mobilink within 24 hours from the time by which the employee was to be on duty. The Company may request an examination by a doctor designated by the Company. Practices against the Policies in General: Following are the main practices that we observed against the general Policies as mentioned earlier. 1) Working Hours: Mobilink is a big organization with quite a load of work. So, though there are policies regarding working hours, we found most of people working more than the limits defined in the policies. As for example, for most executives office timings are from 9:00 am to 6:00 pm but actually they work till 8:00 in most cases. However, with more burdens there are also more rewards. So, if Mobilink takes much out of its employees then it also compensates them well. 2) Protection of Company Assets: At Mobilink, policies regarding the protection of company secrets, important information, assets etc. are followed strictly. We would like to quote our own experience. When we approached Mobilinkers for Organization’s policies, their first response was we need to ask our HR department and we were not able to have the policies that way. Employees really do care for such policies and are pretty loyal to Organization. 3) Dress Code: Dress code is strictly followed at Mobilink, especially by men. Women also dress well but they do go against some policies which, I think, are unjust according to them. For example use of light make-up, light-jewelry etc. As far as the dressing for meeting is concerned, Mobilinkers are as good as George Colony. ) Security Safety Policy: Security at Moilink is of utmost interest for the management and everyone working at Mobilink. To accomplish the above policy, a Safety Committee is set-up as follows: 1. VP HR/Admin 2. Head of Security 3. Member 4. Member The functions of the Safety Committee are: 1. Development of policy recommendations. 2. Encouraging safety efforts. 3. Proper enforcement of safety needs. 4. Fran k and constructive discussion on safety programs. 5. Cooperation with other Companies. 6. Training regarding safety. ) Company Publications: Employee / Company related information for Newsletter and Notice Board is sent to the Local Human Resources Department. Approval of Information / Articles sent by employees is processed by the Human Resources Department before its publication. The Company reserves the right to publish any articles in the Newsletter or any other publications. Any information regarding Company activities or Customer Related information must be sent to the Marketing Department for approval. Marketing must get approval from the President or his / her nominee to place article in Newspaper or Customers Newsletter. Management has the right to change or withhold any information pertaining to Company or other issues. Critical Review on HR policies of Mobilink in General: Most of the General HR policies are well practices at Mobilink with a few discrepancies. This indicates that the organization does have a strong HR system with an effective HR strategy. We may also see this thing as the predictor of good Telecom level policies in Pakistan. The reason being that the general policies, as mentioned above, are more or less the same for all telecom companies. Most of these policies are formulated by the PTA (Pakistan Telecom Authority). So reviewing the success of these policies at Mobilink shows good strategy formulation by PTA as well as Mobilink. Moreover, these policies are not only practiced and observed in telecom sector only. We see such dress code policy, asset protection policy and like in many other business organization. So these policies have a general tendency of being followed. Employees seem to have a stable type of approach towards these general HR policies. They do not seem to show any disagreements over these policies and are pretty contented with what is imposed in such policies. Chapter 4: RECRUITMENT AND SELECTION PROCESS: Mobilink Policies for Recruitment and Selection: Policies for Recruitment and Selection as experienced at Mobilink are: Recruitment policy Objectives: The policy is meant to ensure an effective and efficient method of recruitment and selection. It is aimed at hiring without any discrimination based on race, colour, sex, nationality, ancestry, religion or disability. Policy guidelines: The recruitment policy must comply with regulations set out by the Government of Pakistan. The Sources of recruitment for different job vacancies in PMCL shall include: Internal Advertisement. Databank. Advertising. Head hunters/executive search organizations. Walk in candidates. Colleges and Universities a) External Recruitment: i. No candidate under the age of eighteen will be considered. ii. To avoid conflict of interest, hiring of close relations (brothers, sisters, spouses, first cousins, brothers/sisters in law) will not be encouraged. However candidates falling in this category who have exceptionally good credentials may be considered. Hiring supervisors will need to explain in their assessment of the candidate their qualities that justify hiring. A final decision will rest with the concerned Divisional Head who will need to ensure that there is no conflict of interest. iii. Human Resources will advise Department Heads on salary ranges to be offered to the applicant keeping internal and external equity in perspective. iv. Minimum qualifications must be a Bachelor degree or equivalent. A-Level or equivalent may be considered for call centre/support staff however will require approval of the VP Human Resources Administration. This criteria does not apply to technicians/riggers and ancillary staff. ) Internal Recruitment i. Internal candidates must be confirmed employees of Mobilink who have completed one year of service. However exceptionally good candidates may be considered. ii. Selected candidates will join the new job/position after getting clearance from existing line manager. iii. Spouse of an existing employee will not work for direct competition and either one will have to resign from service. Prospective candidates who se spouses work for competition will not be considered for hiring. iv. Hiring from vendors, franchises, and clients is not encouraged. Exceptionally where offers are made to employees of these entities their prior consent must be obtained. General conditions for recruitment: All recruitment will be done through the Human Resources Department in consultation with the Officers and Heads of the concerned Department. An applicant’s knowledge, skill and aptitude related to the position shall be judged according to a range of factors including: a) Education (Academic / Professional). b) Experience. c) Profile and Psychometric Tests d) Interviews. e) References. Application: Applicants may apply online by registering with the web based recruitment portal. However, when considered for a specific position, they will be required to fill the standard application form of the Company. All applications will be kept on HR database for a period of 6 months only. Conditions for selection: Departments must submit Hiring Request and / or Transfer Request Form to the HR Department and duly signed. Information regarding qualifications and job description should be forwarded for identification of suitable candidates. Lead-time of at least ten working days should be given for selection of candidates. The Human Resources Department would place internal advertisements and / or shortlist suitable candidates from the databank. If no suitable candidate is found, advertisements will be placed in media. The Human Resources Department shall, upon the department’s request, provide screened CVs. The department will do another sift if necessary and conduct interviews with the immediate Supervisor / Department / Divisional Head or his / her nominee and any job related selection tests. Short Listed Candidates will be invited for a final interview with the HR department. The Human Resources Department may conduct Profile and Psychometric Tests for the selected candidate in order to evaluate the suitability of the candidate. Two Reference checks will be completed for the selected candidate either before hiring or during the probationary period. Appointment will be subject to satisfactory references being received. On Selection the following information will be forwarded to HR to be kept in the Employees Personal File: |Interview Evaluation form | | |Passport size Photos. | |Any other special clause. | | |References. | | |Copy of N. I. C. | | |Copies of degree(s): Bachelors and above only and copies of experience certificates. | |Duly filled application form | | In the Case of Consultants the Company will sign a contract with the Consultant for a duration ranging from 3 months to 1 year. The Human Resources Department shall prepare and deliver the Employment Letter to the Employee and obtain signatures on a copy. These were the practices but what actually are the practices for Recruitment and selection at Mobilink. Let’s explore. Practices at Mobilink regarding Recruitment and Selection: Practices regarding the recruitment and selection are in accordance with the policies formulated by the HR department. According to employees following were the recruitment practices. Two types of Recruitments: Internal and External. Sources of Internal Recruitment |Sources of External Recruitment | |Employee referrals |Job fairs | |Internal advertising |University Hunts | | |Advertising | | |Emplacement Agencies | | |Walk in candidates | All recruitment and selection process is handled by the Human resource department. Applications for jobs are mostly made via internet. Selection criteria are totally based on merit. A series of interviews are conducted followed by a panel interview and a group discussion. Only deserving from a lot of applicants are considered Critical Review on Recruitment and selection process: It goes without saying that reference for job works. So it’s surely a flaw in the recruitment and selection process of Mobilink. We know a number of people who get job in Mobilink on reference basis. However, saying all that, getting a job at Mobilink and retaining that job at Mobilink for a time are two different things. One thing was interesting studying the Mobilink Recruitment and Selection process. Company entertains online applications more than mailed ones. To us, reason is twofold. First, it reduces burden during the recruitment process. Secondly, by using online system, company can keep its image as innovative and latest the eyes of its consumers. Chapter 5: TRAINING Training needs assessment Policy at Mobilink: Objective: Identifying the most appropriate solutions to performance problems Procedures: All Company Heads should differentiate between problems that require training and problems that require coaching or other solutions. Usually, only about 20% of performance problems require â€Å"training† solutions. The other 80% are best dealt with by looking at the quality of supervision or by factors in the work environment (rewarding good performance, punishing poor performance, and removing obstacles to good performance). Developing a Company – Wide Management Training Plan Objective: Select/identify the needs, by management level, for the total Company. The Company wills also Facilitate Employees with Short Management Courses from time to time. Procedures: The HR Department will develop the TNA according to the recommendations made by their Supervisors in the performance appraisal form. The HR Department shall coordinate all the tasks until a total Company-training plan is finalized, then follow-up with Department Heads on its implementation. The plan is the result of focusing on the individual discipline needs into one schedule designed to meet the training needs of the total Company. The trainer should be under the headcount of HR so that adequate training sessions can be planned and conducted nationwide. The training requirements of the employees will be picked from the recommendations made by their supervisors in the appraisal forms. The training requirement could also be forwarded by the supervisor if it is not mentioned in the performance appraisal. Foreign training policy: Objective: The purpose of this policy is to enhance skills and knowledge of Mobilink employees and build their capacities to enable them to perform their jobs more effectively and to develop them for future growth. Policy Guidelines: The Company shall pay all Training Expenses, Round Trip Airfare, living Allowance, and Local Transportation in accordance with Company regulations in this regard. Conditions for Overseas Training: Employees who are nominated for enrolment in an overseas training program should meet the following conditions: Should meet the prerequisites of the intended training. Being knowledgeable of the language in which the training program will be conducted. In case an expatriate / contract employee needs to attend a foreign training, he/ she has to be on a one year and above contract, with a duration of 6 months of service to perform at PMCL – Mobilink from the date of starting the training. If the expatriate / contract employee being sent on the training does not meet the above conditions, a waiver could be made on the recommendation of the concerned Chief/ VP and the approval of the president/ CEO. Surety for Mutual Benefit: To ensure that both, PMCL – Mobilink and the employees mutually benefit from overseas professional training provided to employees. The employees returning from training should continue to be in the employment of the Company for following minimum periods as mentioned in Para (4. 2) depending on the training days. Failing of which employees will be liable to pay the PMCL MOBILINK expenses incurred by the PMCL MOBILINK on their training including travel and accommodation expenses. In the event of an employee wishing to leave the employment of the Company he/she will reimburse the Company the expenses incurred by the PMCL- Mobilink on providing the training. PMCL- Mobilink will make appropriate deductions from the employee final settlement including Provident fund. And remaining amount will be deposited by the employee in the Company account. In case an employee doesn’t pay back the due amount to the company, HR will issue notice to the concerned employee mentioning that he/she has to pay back the amount to the company, otherwise, company reserve the right to take legal action. If the employee is terminated for cause he will be absolved from any deductions/ recovery of Training cost. Employee Surety Period and Cost Number of Days of Overseas Training |Duration of Surety |Cost to be recovered | |Up to 6 Days |6 Months |Full | |Between 7 and 10 Days |1 Year |Full | |Between 11 and 15 Days |1 ? Year |Prorated after One Year | |More than 15 Days |2 Years | Prorated after One Year | Cost of Training will be determined by finance in consultation with Technical for Technical Training and Human Resources. Training: Practices at Mobilink On contacting personnel in the Mobilink office it was found out that Mobilink mostly trains its employees by On Job Training which means that the employees are trained as they perform their jobs and along with their duties. The manager or supervisor guides them how to perform their jobs and guides them to efficiency in the work. Internees are trained in various departments and then mostly hired by Mobilink itself and their training is basically teaching them the ropes and the basics of everything. Types of Training in Mobilink: On a general basis the training done in Mobilink can be divided into two categories: †¢Soft skill training Technical Training Soft Skill Training: Helping your employees develop a stronger base of knowledge on topics that affect their personal lives can make them more productive and less distracted in their jobs. Soft skill development courses in areas like personal finance and childcare can help your team better manage the most important areas in their personal lives. This may include the following things for e. g. †¢Conflict management training †¢People management training †¢Communication skills †¢Anger management †¢Time management training †¢Teamwork training etc Technical Training: This type of training has direct effect on the job of the employee. Specific skills are focused and developed accordingly. The engineering trainings of Mobilink are also included with this along with †¢Customer Services training †¢Sales related training †¢Marketing and technology training etc. All these types of training are done to enhance the employees job skills at the level he is at. Mobilinks Training programmes: Mobilink with its large workforce invests aggressively in developing its human capital through international and local trainings as well as a structured employee ‘well-being’ programs, making it one of the most sought after companies to work for in Pakistan. Graham Burke, the President PMCL Mobilink, said Mobilink will provide proper training programmes to its employees in order to make them more aware of their responsibilities† Mobilink, the Pakistan based subsidiary of the global telecommunication giant, Orascom Group, in a strategic move, has outsourced its leadership training and development of abou t 100, of its senior and fast track managers and supervisors, to the regions well established consultancy firm, Global Management Consultants, who will be responsible for the design and delivery of over 5 months training initiative. Their training methods maintain interest throughout; put emphasis on the practical aspects; and ensure that delegates understand the knowledge gained so that they can immediately and effectively apply it within their own organizations. All training sessions are delivered in a highly participative style, introducing topics in a challenging and thought-provoking way. Practical examples, exercises and case studies are used to illustrate the topics covered and show delegates how they can relate the techniques introduced during the course to their own work situation. Programmes can be tailored to meet the required goal. The various training programmes of mobilink focus on specific skills for e. g. the annual or monthly reports of performance are evaluated by the manager and the weak areas are considered and the respective training is taken up. Mobilink trains its employees in the following fields’ aswell: 1. Customer service training: The employees are trained in communication skills, negotiating skills in order to serve the customers whether in the call centre or customers services centre. They are taught on how to talk appropriately to the customers, how to recognize their problems, solve their problems and how to deal with them. 2. Supervisors training: Leading a department or an organization is a very difficult job and the person at this level must be properly skilled. The supervisor training programme helps those people who are at this post to develop the right skills required and asked for at this job. 3. Leadership workshop: Becoming a Leader Good leaders are made, not necessarily born. You can become an effective leader by developing yourself through a never-ending process of self-study, education, training experience. To inspire your people to higher levels of teamwork there are certain things you must be, know do. Leadership makes people want to achieve challenging goals objectives. This workshop is for managers who have the desire to ‘make things happen’ have a team who need to be inspired into action! Mobilink offers this workshop for is specific employees. 4. Conflict management training: We are living in times where chaos and conflict are on the rise. Lack of conflict can be as damaging for any organization, as having conflicts that go out of hand. In fact conflict is the very source of creativity, without which innovation is not possible. Usually these conflicts are resolved, but occasionally they grow to hinder ones job performance. This program is designed to increase a supervisors ability to prevent conflicts from reaching a crisis stage and how to resolve it when a necessary conflict occurs. A framework for tackling conflict is also provided that helps managers who find dealing with conflict an unpleasant experience. 5. Development of oratory skills: With fit, healthy and active minds perform faster and more accurately with minimal stress. How people speak indicates their state of mind. Nervousness in making public appearance is often the result of not knowing WHAT to do and HOW to do it! Learn to control your nervousness and feel the confident professional image many seek! This workshop will provide hands-on approach to polish oratory skills, use projected media, and present like a pro. 6. Motivating, Coaching Delegating Any approach to develop management skills must involve a heavy dose of practical application. At the same time, practice without the necessary conceptual knowledge is sterile and ignores the need for flexibility and adaptation to different situations. They will also discover ways to manage performance of individuals and teams in order to achieve departmental/ organizational goals and objectives. All these programmes are aiming at developing specific skills in specific people for specified purposes. 7. It is believed that leadership skills and business goals are achieved through the training and development of the employees. To make it more motivating the participants of the training programme are awarded a course completion certificate at a graduation ceremony which is held after the completion of the training programme. Critical Review on Training at Mobilink: A lot of effort is put by Mobilink in Training its human resource. Organization has clear policies regarding training needs assessment and procedure for each type of training offered. Training is compulsory for some people in the organization; however, it is on offer for everyone working at Mobilink. A person in the finance department is always welcomed by HR department for Customer service training. A number of training methods are practiced at Mobilink like conflict management training, supervisory skills training etc. with the help of best in the business. Saying all that training basically seems to be for the managers and supervisors but not for the lower level employees. There seems to be a need to increase training efforts focused to this group. Chapter 6: PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL SYSTEM: Policies at Mobilink for Performance Appraisal: Objectives: The purpose of this policy is to provide a formal review program to evaluate work performance and to promote communication and discussion of job performance. The intent of these discussions should be to review current job performance and responsibilities, set goals, and discuss future opportunities with reference to past performance at Mobilink. The Objectives of the Performance Review Program are: o To measure work performance o To motivate and assist employees in improving their performance and achieving their personal/professional career goals o To identify employees with high potential for advancement o To provide objective information for making decisions on salary increases, promotions, bonus and transfers. o To identify employees training and development o To provide a solid path for career planning for each individual Frequency of the Performance Review: Informal performance discussions should be conducted frequently as and when the need arises. These discussions will provide the basis for an objective summarization of performance during formal Performance Reviews and allow more time for discussing future plans and organizational as well as personal objectives. The supervisor is encouraged to make notes on pertinent points discussed and to place those notes in the employee’s personnel file. Formal written performance reviews will be conducted with all employees annually. Notification along with Performance Evaluation Forms will be sent from the Human Resources Department in advance with the scheduled performance evaluation date. All employees will be reviewed at least once at confirmation. Therefore, Performance Reviews will be held on an annual basis from the date of hiring or more often if desirable to do so. The supervisor will receive notification of the scheduled review period from the Human Resources Department. Policy guidelines: The performance appraisal is done on an annual / basis (from January 1st to December 31st). Every employee should know what is expected from him / her through direct supervisors. He / She should participate in agree with the goals objectives set by himself / herself in accordance with the Company’s business plans objective goals. Everyone should have the opportunity to perform develop according to the set objectives agreed upon duties. He / she should also expect self-assessment and take actions to develop his / her competency level increase his / her participation in the achievement of the Company’s objectives. To ensure openness, consistency objectivity, the agreed competency framework covering all aspects of the job should be used as the basis for performance planning appraisals. Accordingly, it should be well known clear for both the Employee and the Manager covered. Department Heads Managers involved in performance appraisals should be well trained familiar with the applied performance appraisal system the appraisal interviewing techniques. The performance evaluation program requires that an annual meeting be held with each employee; however, Coaching, Counselling and Guidance must be an on-going process for the desired improvement and development to be achieved. To give a chance to Subordinates to evaluate their seniors a 360 Degree Evaluation will be conducted at the time of the Performance Evaluation. Performance Appraisal Forms: The performance appraisal forms will be filled once in a year to get a clear picture of the employee performance. Practices at Mobilink for Performance Appraisal System: Mobilink conducts performance appraisal in order to evaluate their employee’s current performance or past performance relative to company’s performance standards. Mobilink try to adapt the performance appraisal in which their employees understood what his or her performance standards were and that the supervisor also provides the employee with feed back, development, and incentives required to help the person eliminate performance deficiencies or to continue to perform above par. There are many performance appraisal methods. Mobilink uses the computerized performance appraisal method. In Mobilink the performance appraisal of employees is conducted in December. The Mobilink HR department has developed a performance appraisal sheet and has downloaded it on the intranet of Mobilink so that the supervisor performs the evaluation of the employees. When the supervisor completes the evaluation, he will send the performance appraisal sheet to the employee for the affirmation with the ideas of the supervisor if the employee does not agree with the supervisor he will not sign the PA sheet. When the last date of submission of PA sheet is passed then the HR department asks the supervisor and the employee about the problem and resolves the problem. Critical Review on Performance Appraisal: Online 360 degree approach of performance appraisal is adopted at Mobilink for evaluating employee performance. In the past only 180 Degree approach for performance appraisal was adopted but now 360 Degree is also in action. This is a very supportive strategy by the organization because if an employee is not happy with the evaluation by his supervisor then he has the authority to challenge. There are a number of rewards that are tied to performance appraisals. So, tool applied for performance appraisal justifies itself. Chapter 7: CAREER PLANNING DEVELOPMENT: Mobilink faces much competition in the telecom industry so now they are focusing on career Management of their employees in which they enable the employees to better understand and develop their career skills and interests and to use these skills and interests most effectively both within the company and after they leave the firm. Career planning is the deliberate process through which someone becomes aware of personal skills, interests knowledge, motivation, and other characteristics; acquires information about other opportunities and choices; identifies career related goals and establishes action plans to attain specific goals. Career development is the lifelong series of activities (such as workshops) that contributes to a person career exploration, establishment, and success ad fulfillment. Mobilink gives promotion of their employees on the performance basis. The Mobilink HR department develops the employee’s career development plans in which the HR department predicts the next logical step for their employees within five years. Critical Review: Importance of Career planning in today’s competitive world is as important as any other HR function. Retaining your valuable Human resource today is one of the biggest challenges that organizations are facing. So, HR needs to come up with new strategies. Career planning and development is one of the basic tool and strategy organizations are using for retaining their employees. This function actually makes employees feel that they are important to the organization and Mobilink wants them to be at the top in their careers. However, at Mobilink this function is not fully performed or we should say this function is not performed satisfactorily. There are some policies on these but those are not recognized that well. One point of policy is found along with the compensation other with the recruitment. There should have been separate head for these policies. As far as the practices are concerned, all the employees were reluctant to talk about this during our interview. However, what we analyzed is that career development is practiced but not that openly. Specially, in case if some employee is considering of joining the competitor’s firm. If such is a case then organization has discipline policies for that even. Chapter 8: Rewards System: Policies on Reward system at Mobilink: There is a list of policies regarding the reward system at Mobilink. It offers both kinds of rewards: Intrinsic and Extrinsic. Following are the main reward related policies: SALARY Objectives: The purpose of this policy is to have salaries subject for review in January of each calendar year in the light of merit and inflation. An employee, who is employed on a job with title and specifications, will receive compensation that is relevant to field experience matching with approved salary structure of his / her position. Policy Guidelines: The Company will pay salaries of the employees and all other amounts due to them during office hours and on the job site as follows: All New Employees have to open bank accounts in specified banks prescribed by the Company so that their salary will be credited at the end of each month. Upon termination of service (end of service), the employee will receive his / her salary within 15 working days up to the time of date of his / her last working day. Upon resignation, the employee will be paid his / her dues during a maximum period of 15 working days from the date he / she left the job. Salary Administration Program: Salary Objective: The salary administration program is designed to meet the following objectives: 1. Attract retain the services of competent qualified employees. 2. Provide fair and equitable compensation to each employee and to ensure that the value of each job relative to all other jobs within the Company is established and maintained on a fair and equitable basis. 3. Provide annual performance appraisal for employees to improve their job performance and to encourage them to aspire for promotions to jobs with greater responsibilities i. e. fairly compensate employees based on individual accomplishments and annual performance appraisals. 4. Ensure that salaries are competitive and in line with salary levels that prevail in the industry. 5. Instill employee confidence in the Company’s compensation policies and practices. Salary Outline: The â€Å"Basics† of the salary administration program can be summarized in the following manner; o The VP Human Resources Administration and the concerned Department Head will analyze each job classification. o The HR Department determines an appropriate salary range in relation to similar jobs at other well respected companies (salary survey). o The HR Department will analyze each job and assign a job code, hire rate, minimum, mid and maximum point rate. (Salary Structure) o The HR Department will prepare the salary structure to be reviewed and approved by the Director VP HR. Salary Scale: Each job is assigned a minimum salary, established according to the salary survey results, which specifies the minimum salary that may be paid to incumbents in each job. Minimum through maximum scales is built on a system of mathematical calculations to allow for overlapping between levels as a result of salary, merit or promotional increase. Setting Starting Salaries: Objective: To ensure that each employee is given the starting salary of the title level in which his / her position and experience fall. Also to ensure that consideration is given to past experience and qualifications when setting starting salaries Factors to be put into consideration for setting salaries within the range determined by the departmental Head the HR department The starting salary offered to new candidates by Mobilink will be dependent on two factors: †¢ The particular job level for which the job offer is being made. †¢ The candidate’s education, experience, qualifications as compared to the minimum qualifications required by the job specification and prevailing industry rates. Salary Administration Procedures: †¢ Human Resource Department: Prepare all documentations and their summary affecting salaries, and forward payroll section for processing that includes: o Recruits, transferees o Promotion and increments o Allowances, bonuses and incentives o Discipline o Review the all documents affecting salaries. o Entry of all salaries based on Salary, allowances, deductions and commissions. Besides there are other intrinsic and extrinsic awards that leads towards one objective only and that is: To compensate employee sufficiently so that he may be motivated and constitutes an integral part of Human resource of organization. Other intrinsic and extrinsic rewards include: Medical care Life insurance Vacations Relocation Credit advance policyprovident policy/advance against provident fund and acapping of gratuity EOI Recreation Club Policy Travel Education assistance policy Mobile phone Business mobile phone policy Official Balckberry Poicy Practices on Reward systems at Mobilink: Policies regarding the reward systems are practiced quite strictly at mobilink. Employees are paid when they are supposed to pay. Other rewards are also fast but they are mostly tenure based rather than performance based. In policies it is mentioned that the rewards are totally performance based. However, this policy is not that much followed strictly. Rewards are mostly determined by the organizational membership and seniority rather then by performance. Promotion is given on the basis of performance, as well as tenure. Critical Review: Reward system at Mobilink is quite complicate. The reason for this is that there are many intrinsic and extrinsic, direct and indirect, compensating and non-compensating rewards. There is even a department that looks after the motivational aspect of the employees. How motivation level of employees can be kept to a level so that they can be more productive. PMO (Project management office) introduces many club memberships, game shows, lunch arrangement and many more for employee to be motivated. Similarly, there are special achievement awards at each individual level. Then there are even team awards, department awards and division awards. One thing to mention is criteria for rewards. As mentioned earlier in policies, rewards are performance based. But this is true only in case of achievement awards, group awards etc. If we observe basic pays and increments then those are not performance based. Those are more of tenure based. Mobilink does say that all rewards are performance based. However, it is not the case in practice. Chapter 8: OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY MEASURES: There is no need for such measures at Mobilink as maximum jobs do not expose you to the health hazards and are not such that require safety measures. However, there is a tendency of being safe in every human and that shows when you visit some Mobilink officer to meet someone of a high designation level. You need to fulfill various safety measures. HOW WELL THESE POLICIES AND PRACTICES ARE ACHIEVING THE ORGANIZATIONAL GOALS? Well the answer is simple. Policies are going pretty well. Numerically, I can say more than 90%. How? Well because these are being practices in the same manner as was expected during the policy formulation time. Moreover, see the results. Mobilink is considered to have the best HR in Pakistan and they have retained this edge. So, it’s so obvious that all overall policies are good and they are also being followed exactly the same way as required to achieve organizational goals. CONCLUSION: To conclude Mobilink has a strong HR system. That is the reason we didn’t found much discrepancies in what management says, what policies state and what employees say. 90 % of the times they were same. There are some minor discrepancies but they are adjustable with little effort. RECOMMENDATIONS: Mobilink has a strong HR system. That is the reason we didn’t found much discrepancies in what management says, what policies state and what employees say. 90 % of the times they were same. However, there were some discrepancies that need attention and their adjustment can make this HR system best in Pakistan. Following are some of the recommendations based on those discrepancies: 1. Human resource department is not fully authorized to take all the decisions. Though HR department claims to have the overall management of the company but that actually is not the case. There are many HR decisions that are taken by the other department. So, there should be a clear delegation of authority regarding decision making for HR department. 2. One thing we observed during our project was that employees were not aware of the in depth policies. The main reason that we have understood for this is their lack of knowledge about policies formulation. Employees are not encouraged to give suggestions in policy formulation. So, our suggestion is that employees should be consulted while policy formulation stage. 3. Benefits and rewards are too complicated for anyone to understand. Though there are many of these but most of employees even have not information as to for what benefit they can go for. So, Mobilink should simplify its reward system for its employees to understand well. 4. The decision making is delegated to managers with goals set for each term promotion, hiring and firing is virtually in the immediate boss’s hand. This practice can cause disharmony among employees for power. Team based structure (like the one at PMO) should be preferred in all departments 5. Mobilink pursues Zero-tolerance policy for disciplinary actions. This is good but not in all cases. Mobilink should look towards its discipline polices and try to be a bit more lenient. 6. Mobilink HR lacks in terms of career planning and development. This important function of HR does not have recognition in Policies’ statement. Mobilink should have a look at this. 7. Mobilink uses only policy specified sources for recruitment which are only 5. In this way it can loose some potential applicants that can be asset to organizations, just because they were not well communicated. So, Mobilink should increase its recruitment sources. During an HR specialist interview, we posed the same question and the answer was â€Å"that’s what policy says; on ground level we do use as many sources as possible†. If this is the case then our recommendation is that Mobilink should adjust its policy accordingly. Formulation of HR policies Company’s HR strategies Formulation of HR practices Company’s Strategic Plan Organizational Performance Company’s Internal Strengths and Weaknesses Company’s Strategic Situation Mobilink’s Competitive Environment Economic, Political, Demographic, Competitive and Technological Trends